1917+and+Lenin's+RTP

= **__1917 and Lenin's rise to power: the October Revolution__** =


 * __Past Questions:__ **
 * Paper 3**
 * ** Compare and contrast the causes and nature of the two 1917 Russian revolutions. (May 2010) **


 * ** Analyse the causes and immediate consequences (up to 1921) of the October 1917 Russian Revolution. (Nov 2009) **


 * ** Analyse the reasons for the success of the Bolsheviks in the second (October/November) 1917 Russian Revolution. (May 2008) **


 * ** Why was the Provisional Government in Russia unable to consolidate and maintain its power in 1917? (Nov 2007) **


 * ** Compare and contrast the roles of Lenin and Trotsky in the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and in the foundation of the new Soviet State until 1924. (May 2007) **


 * Paper 2**
 * ** Analyse the conditions that enabled //one// left-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. (May 2010) **


 * ** Assess the importance of economic distress and ideological appeal in the rise to power of //one// left-wing and //one// right-wing single-party ruler. (Nov 2009) **


 * ** “Unpopular rulers or governments, and their overthrow, were responsible for the formation of the majority of twentieth century single-party states.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion? (May 2009) **


 * **To what extent did the following aid the rise to power of //either// Lenin //or// Mussolini: (a) the First World War (b) weakness of the existing regime (c) ideological appeal? (Nov 2008)**


 * **Analyse the rise to power of //either// Hitler //or// Lenin. (May 2008)**


 * **Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power of //one// ruler of a single-party state. (May 2007, May 2005)**


 * **“It was personality and not circumstances that brought rulers of single-party states to power.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? (Nov 2006)**


 * MARKSCHEME notes for these questions.**


 * __Key dates and events in 1917:__**


 * March**
 * 2 Provisional government formed (Tsar abdicates)**


 * June**
 * 16 June offensive**


 * July**
 * 3-4 July days**


 * August**
 * 26-30 Kornilov affair**


 * October**
 * 25-26 Bolshevik seizure of power**


 * __Analysing the factors that caused the October Revolution and which explain how Lenin was able to seize power__**


 * 1) NOTE: for LONG and MID-TERM causes - Social, Political, Economic - see causes of February Revolution, as these issues which caused the abdication of the Tsar are still present in October 1917 and form the foundation for the ongoing crisis in Russia which Lenin and the Bolsheviks are able to exploit.**

Social + political problems
 * Middle classes: Small number but growing number of merchants, bankers and industrialists as the industry developed. The intelligentsia sought more participation in politics!
 * Land and agriculture: Methods were inefficient and backwards- still used wooden ploughs and very few animals and tools. Not enough land to go around, vast expansion of peasant population in the later half of the 19th century led to overcrowding and competition for land. Peasants wanted social change!
 * Urban workers and industry: Around 58% were literate, twice the national average which meant that they could articulate their grievances and were receptive to revolutionary ideas. Wages were generally low and high number of deaths from accidents and work related health issues. The industry production was very low in the start of the 19th century but increased fast and by 1914, Russia was the fourth largest producer of iron, steel and coal. Instability in cities and the misery of the workers led to social + political instability in the towns.
 * Economic problems: **
 * Inflation: ** From 1914-1917 inflation increased by 400 percent

**Crisis in cities** : Overcrowded + poor housing + poor living and working conditions (created by economic problems in Russia) led to social tension in Cities


 * 2) Continued impact of WW1 (//social and economic problems)//:**

The war caused acute distress in the cities, especially Petrograd and Moscow. The war meant that food, goods and raw materials were in short supply and hundreds of factories closed and thousands of workers put out of work. Led to inflation and lack of fuel meant that most were cold as well as hungry- urban workers became were hostile towards the PG. In the countryside, peasants became increasingly angry about the conscription of all young men who seldom returned from the Front.


 * 3) Weaknesses and failures of the Provisional Government (//political problems, interrelated with social and economic problems)://**

Political problems, interrelated with social and economic problems

The political failures of the government undermined their power and authority, which created the circumstances for Lenin's RTP:

1) Nature of PG helped Lenin to power. PG was not elected by the people, it saw itself as a temporary body, which could not make any binding long-term decisions for Russia.

2) Divisions in PG helped Lenin to power. In PG there were divisions between socialists + liberals who often blocked each others decisions. This internal weakness of the PG crippled their ability to enforce control over the country.

3) Nature of PG helped Lenin to power. The PG had only power over government affairs, real power lay in the hands of the soviets (worker's unions). Soviets had all the practical power in petrograd such as the control over factories and railways.

4) Government passes legislation that allowed freedom of speech, press as well as the dismantling of the secret police. Now political parties could mobilize publically and attract members more easily. The opposition to the PG got it a lot easier to rebel, and the PG had dismantled the secret police, so they couldnt stop the uprisings.

The four above factors made Lenin's RTP possible, as they made the PG a weak political body, which could not resist any oppostion.

The PG also committed several blunders during the months leading up to the october revolution, which benefitted the Bolsheviks directly.

June offensive: In June PG launched an all out offensive on Germany to put the country in a better position in the war (WW1). The offensive (called June offensive) ended in disaster and PG was deeply discredited. As a result, the Bolsheviks and other political parties got increased support.

July days: In July a spontaneous uprising occured, which consisted of 500 000 soldiers, workers and sailors rebelled in Kronstadt. They later marched to petrograd to demand overthrow of PG. However, the rebellion was dismantled as PG still retained control of some loyal Russian troops. Even though this affair hurt the reputation of the PG, it also damaged the Bolshevik reputation as the PG blamed them for the whole incident. Fitzpatrick argues that "the whole affair damged Bolshevik morale and Lenin's credibility as a revolutionary leader"

Kornilov affair: In August 1917, general Kornilov took his army and marched to Petrograd to overthrow PG. He was discontent with the way PG handled politics and WW1. Alexander Kerensky, leader of PG, panicked and since he was unable to put up an adequate defence by using loyal forces, he armed the Bolsheviks so they could help him. However, Kornilov's army did not reach Petrograd as some of his soldiers mutinied and railway workers sabotaged the railways. Now the PG reputation was shattered and the government started to disintergrate. Meanwhile, the Bolsheviks got more support because they were percieved as the defenders of Petrograd, and they were also armed now compared to other political parties.

Lenin's political ideas attracted widespread support among the Russian people. On 16th of April 1917, Lenin held a speech called the April Theses. The sppech called for a 1)World wide socialist revolution 2) Land reform to peasants 3) immediate end to WW1 3) immediate end to cooperation with PG 4) Urged Soviets to take power.
 * 4) Ideological appeal of Lenin and Bolshevism, and role of Lenin (//appeal of radical alternative, charismatic and dynamic leader, taking advantage of crisis situation in Russia in 1917 with all the problems listed above)//**

The ideas in the speech were made into simple but effective and radical slogans such as "all power to the soviets" or "bread, peace and Land". These slogans attracted a lot of support for the Bolsheviks, as they appealed to the workers. They provided the workers with a radical solution to the problems in Russia.

The speech also made the Bolshevik party unique, since their standpoint about the war issue was unique. No other political party wanted an immediate end to the war. The uniqueness of the Bolshevik party attracted them a lot of support among the workers.

In the April Theses Lenin also revised Karl Marx ideas, which claimed that Russia was not ready for a revolution. Lenin however proclaimed that Russia was in fact ready, and revolution had to happen now because the PG was so weak at this point in time! Lenin succeeded to persuade the party, and in the end of April the revolution was being planned. Without Lenin and his speech, the Bolshevik revolution would never have taken place.

Lenin's leadership also inspired the masses to join the party + revolution. Lenin held many speeches during 1917, and his rhetorical skills attracted enormous amounts of public support. Lenin was also a practical leader and could adapt his policies to the wants and needs of the workers. Thus he gained even more support.

Trotsky was elected Chairman of Petrograd Soviets in 1917, which gave him immense practical power over the city (control of bridges, railways etc.), which was a valuable assest to Bolsheviks. Trotsky also used his position as Chairman to claim that the Bolsheviks were seizing power in the name of the Soviets, and hence workers accepted that Bolsheviks conducted the revolution. It was not until Lenin closed down the new parliament that workers realized that they had been fooled.
 * 5) Role of Trotsky in executing the revolution (//ruthlessly efficient organiser//)**

Trotsky also played a key role in setting up and organizing the red army, as well as the actual take over of power. Trosky also persuaded Lenin to wait until october to conduct the revolution, when Bolsheviks had firmly established their power in the Soviets.

Trotsky was as also an excellent orator and helped to inspire the masses.


 * __Historiography of the October Revolution and Lenin's RTP - minority coup d'etat vs popular revolution?__**

Communist view Party's view of October revolution: -Inevitable result of class struggle -Lenin's leadership was vital -Popular revolution, inspired + organized by Bolsheviks and in praticular Lenin

Liberal view of October revolution (e.g. Robert Conquest, Richard Pipes) -Coup d'etat, Bolshevik used the weaknesses of th PG to seize power -Bolsheviks had only limited popular support -Bolsheviks were successful because of the leadership of Trotsky + Lenin

Revisionist view of October revolution (e.g. Orlando figes) -Emphasizes impotance of revolution from below (i.e. popular revolution) -However, Bolsheviks "hijacked" popular revolution and ruthlessly betrayed the people by imposing a single-party dictatorship, surpressing the Soviets


 * __Resources:__**

https://rudbeckib.managebac.com/classes/10016451/events/10123763

http://www.s114478754.websitehome.co.uk/hostoryasrevisionguiderevolutionaryrussia.htm